If I asked you who was Stamford Raffles, you would most likely answer: the founder of Singapore. In fact, I have asked this question several times, and mentioned apart from the response, I have answers like the founder of the Raffles Hotel in Singapore, and the guy that Singapore Sling concocted! Obviously not everyone is equally interested in, or knowledge of history. , Anyway, at least the answers to Singapore were related
Raffles ensure its mark on Singapore, but interestingly, he visited the place only thrice nine days in January and February 1819 about four weeks in May-June the same year, and for eight months from October 1822 to June 1823. the actual foundation, which is the hard daily work of planning and construction, the advice and the decision was taken by the first two British residents: Farquhar (1819- 1823) and Crawfurd (1823-6). Farquhar was working with the Malay rulers, the survival and growth of the British settlement in Singapore Iceland secure while John Crawfurd, another Scot, actually made Singapore British, by the Anglo-Malay contract August Signed in 1824, the Sultan Hussein and Temenggong (Malay title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security) Abdul-Rahman the island ceded to the British. Farquhar and Crawfurd slipped into oblivion, while Raffles has remained in the spotlight. Most of us naturally do as a Singapore Sling.
But in this article I want to draw your attention to another Raffles, ie, Raffles the Lieutenant Governor of Java, a position he of September 1811 instead of March 1816, and Raffles started the grand opus the history of Java , published in 1817
from both governmental and social anthropological perspective it was a very successful manager. He increased eightfold by restrictions on trade and shipping remove the sales while reducing port charges. And it stimulates greater local participation through the shackles with the Javanese from the Dutch civil service imposed on transport to remove. In stark contrast to the Dutch approach, directed his government, in his own words, to be "not only without fear, but without reproach."
He was a man of vision. He detested the colonial attitudes and opinions of the Dutch colonialism appears that the Dutch rulers in the Netherlands East Indies is. Raffles in his history of Java, the introduction starts by clarifying that ... severe strictures passed, in the course of this work, on the Dutch administration in Java, ... may lack of careful limitation employed in the words appear to extend generally to the Dutch nation and character ... He then explains expressly that such observations are intended to apply the colonial government and officers exclusively. The orders from the Dutch government in Holland, so far extends my information to the authorities in Batavia, breathe the spirit of generosity and kindness; and I have reason to believe that the tyranny and greed of his colonial officers, created no less indignation in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe countries.
This is the opening paragraph, and hard to criticize in the hundreds of subsequent pages Raffles in fact, and do not agree with the Dutch colonial government and officers. It also shows a great affinity and admiration for the Javanese-the "Javans" as their behavior, behavior refers to them, and moral character. They are simple and polite and respectful even to anxiety; they have a great sense of propriety and are never rude or abrupt.
His observations were, however, no criticism is missing, if this was justified. Those of higher rank, which are about used court or pleasure or luxury of the Great Giving, those gathered in the capital or in the public sector employs often wasteful and corrupt, without its refining many of the vices of civilization issuing and the ignorant and deficiencies in a raw state without its simplicity. People near Batavia are the worst in the island, and the long dealing with strangers has on the morale of the lower part of Bantam almost as deadly . He makes it clear that foreign influences for this behavior. ... but the further they from European influence and foreign traffic, the better the customs and the happier the people are. (The History of Java, page 247/248)
I am convinced that Raffles was equally liked by the Javans, also. How else could he have the enormous amount of data, information and local knowledge of the island, its people, customs, lifestyles, artifacts, antiques, flora, fauna, acquired in a period of only four and a half years. Of course a lot of information for the history compiled had already gathered by other scientists and surveyors. But in 1814, information conveyed to him personally by the local Javanese, led to the discovery of Borobudur. Local common Javanese, mind you, a main village, perhaps, who apparently allowed in his presence and who, more importantly, felt sufficiently well to talk to him. The Dutch had for at least 0 years of presence in Semarang had and the temple ruins it had for many more, but never about his existence had been forwarded to the colonizers. And if it had, it could have been completely uninterested, focused as they were on money earned.
The plates to Raffles History of Java , published in 1830 as a separate volume accompanies the second edition of the history contains many illustrations to Borobudur in connection, Boro Bodor in Raffles' words. The first of these is plan of the great Peramidal (sic) temple called Boro Bodor in Kedu District Java .
The Temple of Boro Bodor plates to Raffles History of Java
Remember, in 1814 this was a crumbling ruins overgrown with bushes and trees. Raffles, not to examine the site itself in a position, sent H.C. Cornelius, a Dutch engineer who cleared with 0 workers in two months vegetation and earth to reveal the monument. The plan is probably part of Cornelius' report to Raffles and includes details such as the measurements, the number of steps to the terraces, the number of stupas and the like leads.
Not only the Borobudur in detail in plates is covered at the history , almost every aspect of life on Java is covered in detail: agricultural equipment, devices such as a spinning wheel and loom and Tools for batik, carpentry tools, Javanese weapons and krises, old forms of Javanese alphabet, musical instruments, signs Pasar or market days represented, and engravings of Prambanan and temples on the Dieng plateau, reproductions of inscriptions on stone on Kevali (near Cirebon) and on a stone called Batu Tulis. From the excellent quality aquatint engravings are Javanese costumes by William Daniell. These include a Javanese of the lower class, a Javanese chief in ordinary clothes, a Javanese in war dress and dress in court, a Madurese with the rank of Mantri and finally a Papuan boy Dick, who came in Raffles service in Bali and was in 1816 a fold out map of Java completes the plates he brought to England.
The book in his time was not a great commercial success, only 1,500 copies were printed for the second edition about 500 sold. While poorly rated at the time, today it is extremely useful and invaluable as a window on Java from 0 years ago. It has never been achieved in its entirety integrated
References .:
• The History of Java, Stamford Raffles, Oxford University Press, 1988
• Raffles Revisited: A Review & Reassessment of Sir Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) by Ernest CT Chew, Associate Professor of History, National University of Singapore
• Wikipedia
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