The Borobudur temple is to be regarded by many as a miracle the old world. We have all probably heard raves about its majestic landscapes at the break of dawn to reach the timeless beauty of its reliefs, or the "spiritual enlightening" physical challenge its tip.
Standing, the largest Buddhist monument in the world is bound 13 centuries old, to have secrets. It's hard enough to fathom his 100th with the building in the 8th and 9th centuries, and so perfect structures made with such simple technology. No one knows who ordered the construction of Borobudur, although tradition meant to Syailendra Dynasty loans, probably two to three kings including Samaratungga. And apart from the obvious religious functions temple, researchers have hypothesized long surprising alternative functions.
hasProfessor Agus Aris Munandar, a University of Indonesia archaeologist who studied Javanese temple for 30 years confirmed that there are many unsolved mysteries of Borobudur. Some of them indicate how mindbogglingly were intelligent old Indonesians.
"There is so much finesse in Borobudur, that the early Dutch archaeologists refused to believe that Javanese made it. It must have been the Indians, on Java came Hinduism and Buddhism spread of," said Prof . Agus. "But Indian [polymath] Rabindranath Tagore visited Java in the early 20th century, said:" I see India everywhere in Java, but I do not know where ", which means that as much as there is strong Indian influences in Javanese temple, they are also very different from Indian ones.
According to Prof. Agus, one of the greatest mysteries of the Borobudur is the hidden base, complete as Mahakarmavibhanga known. hundreds of beautifully carved relief panels a few meters below ground , except for a portion in the Southeast rain that brought the Japanese out of curiosity in the 1940s to detonate. Previously, Dutch archaeologists had it for research and dug up again covered it.
There are two theories as to why the Mahakarmavibhanga is buried. "the first theory predicts that if the construction of Borobudur was completed, the foundation has become unstable. To prevent collapse, the builders laid the foundation to secure from all directions had, "said Prof. Agus, adding that this
The second theory speculates on religious grounds the theory, which he supports.
. The Mahakarmavibhanga portrayed despicable human actions such as torture, decapitation, robbery and begging - thus unsuitable viewed the eyes of the layman "But violence is only a small percentage of these reliefs, so I do not think it makes sense, it makes to cover for this reason". said Prof. AgusBorobudur three levels of below divided into can be upwards. Kamadhatu (realm of desire-filled common people), (been in the purged the soul of all desires life on earth) Rupadhatu (uniting departure of the soul from the body and with the gods in Nirvana), and Arupadhatu. This leads to another miracle. the holey stupas on the Arupadhatu level and superstition that touching the Buddha through the holes wishes would be fulfilled
"Buddhist scholars philosophize the shadow of the form. Only Buddhas shadows are visible, because Buddha exists in another area, like a relic housed in a stupa ", Prof. Agus said." Also, no one sees the protected Buddha relics at Borobudur, except their curious shade under the sun or a full moon . "
Prof Agus is perhaps best known for proxemics exploring Borobudur relief plates. In the communication science is proxemics of personal space between individuals, showing the level of intimacy . in Borobudur, the distance refers proxemics in the most convenient distance and angle of each panel to perceive and to fully understand their message in its entirety. the closer is required to achieve this, the higher the spiritual level (ie "closer" to Buddha) the audience for which the plate is provided.
"It took 10 expeditions to fully decode Borobudur" said Prof. Agus. "Buddhist scriptures happens to the 10 stages of the Bodhisattva to point. I do not think it's a coincidence that Borobudur is designed as such that it would take 10 times, its to find" Path of Enlightenment. "
[While we are on proxemics, note that the inter-Stupa distances are not equal, however, on a top-view design of Borobudur, see set up properly the stupas Prof Agus said that Borobudur should resemble a mandala. -. (is explored ITB) an elaborate meditation circle in a square, with symbols of the gods create strategically coordinated harmonic pattern
This phenomenon of Bandung Institute of Technology 's archaeoastronomy team. According to ITB astrophysicist Evan Irawan Akbar the stupas were " unequal spaces to highlight the lengths of the gnomon shadow during different times of year. In other words, Borobudur was a huge sundial. Except that if this hypothesis were true, the gnomon that the sun casts shadows missing, and its dimensions are still unknown.
Prof Agus said that ancient Indian stupas often chatras had (umbrella-like structures) and yasthis (pillars on which the chatras built). could have a now missing yasthi as gnomon for this hypothetical Borobudur sundial works, he said. In the 19th century the Dutch built a gnomon at the top of Borobudur, but removed it after being hit by lightning. The locals never liked it anyway, and its base on an unproven hypothesis gave the Dutch no strong reason to keep it there.
have served Nevertheless Borobudur as an ancient astronomical observatory. A 1930 study by Dutch ethnoarchaeologist J.L.A. Brandes noted that the 8th century Javanese mastered astronomy, agriculture and maritime practices dictated. ITB archaeoastronomers also found the importance of sky orientation in the construction of Borobudur.
Because of the Earth's rotation and the rocker on its axis, the stars visible from the sky of the North Pole changes every few centuries. "As Borobudur was built, Polaris was visible from Java. Gunadharma (the architect traditionally credited for the construction of Borobudur) on the mountain Menoreh would rise and instruct its builders, the construction of the" Align true north "star that neither of the east nor western shifts, "Evan said. Nevertheless, north of today on the magnetic compass would not correspond to the north Borobudur time because it influenced by the Earth's rotation.
Another astronomical curiosity of Borobudur is the ship reliefs on the east. They show a sailing double outrigger canoe under sky objects that probably commemmorating a trip to Africa. Back then crossed old Indonesians an unmapped ocean without a compass, depending solely on the stars for navigation. In 03-04, a wooden replica of the Borobudur ship the Cinnamon Route from Jakarta to Accra (Ghana) sailed promoted trans Indian Ocean trade relations to demonstrate old Indonesians with old African. Now Samudra Raksa Museum housed in the north side of the Borobudur Archaeological Park, the ship is proof of millennia-old Indonesian marine and astronomical genius.
The Mystery of Borobudur many. Some are scientifically plausible, as the similarity of the temple floating on a lotus in a now dried ancient lake basins. Others are mythical, like the urban legend that Gunadharma slept on the mountain Menoreh and was the sleeping giant shaped mountain now visible from Borobudur. Scientists have not the answers. But perhaps it is this mystery that people back in Borobudur with awe keep drawing. They are secrets for a reason.
Candi Borobudur
Taman arkeologi Borobudur
Desa Borobudur, Kecamatan Borobudur
Magelang, Jawa Tengah
Tel +62293788266
Fax +62293788132
tickets @ Rp30.000 for Indonesian citizen, US $ 20 for foreigners
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